It has always been fashionable to artificial intelligence (AI) as an "evil" force – and no book and accompanying film does so with greater aplomb than Arthur C. Clarke's , which director Stanley Kubrick brought to life on screen. Who can forget memorable, relentless, homicidal tendencies along with that glint of vulnerability at the very end when it begs not to be shut down? We instinctively chuckle when someone accuses a machine composed of metal and integrated chips of being malevolent.

But it may come as a shock to learn that an exhaustive of various studies, published by the journal examined the behavior of various types of AI and alarmingly concluded that yes, in fact, AI systems intentionally deceitful and will stop at nothing to achieve their objectives. Clearly, AI is going to be an undeniable force of productivity and innovation for us humans. However, if we want to preserve AI's beneficial aspects while avoiding nothing short of human extinction, scientists say that there are concrete things we absolutely must put into place.

It may sound like overwrought hand-wringing but consider the actions of Cicero, a special-use AI system developed by Meta that was trained to become a skilled player in the strategy game Diplomacy. Meta says it trained to be "largely honest and helpful" but somehow Cicero coolly sidestepped that bit and engaged in what the researchers dubbed "premeditated deception." For instance, it first went into cahoots with Germany to topple England, aft.