Study finds how blood tests predict Parkinson’s seven years before symptoms

London, June 19A group of scientists from University College London (UCL) and University Medical Center Gottingen have created a straightforward blood test that employs Artificial Intelligence (AI) to forecast Parkinson's disease up to seven years before symptoms appear.Parkinson's disease, which presently affects about 10 million people worldwide, is the neurological ailment with the greatest rate of growth in the world.The illness progresses over time and is brought on by the death of nerve cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain that regulates movement. Because of the accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein, these nerve cells degenerate or malfunction, losing their capacity to generate the vital neurotransmitter dopamine.Currently, people with Parkinson's are treated with dopamine replacement therapy after they have already developed symptoms, such as tremor, slowness of movement and gait, and memory problems. But researchers believe that early prediction and diagnosis would be valuable for finding treatments that could slow or stop Parkinson's by protecting the dopamine producing brain cells.Senior author and Professor Kevin Mills (UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health) said, "As new therapies become available to treat Parkinson's, we need to diagnose patients before they have developed the symptoms. We cannot regrow our brain cells and therefore we need to protect those that we have."At present we are shutting the stable door after the horse has bolted. We need to start experimental treatments before patients develop symptoms. Therefore, we set out to use state-of-the-art technology to find new and better biomarkers for Parkinson's disease and develop them into a test that we can translate into any large NHS laboratory. With sufficient funding, we hope that this may be possible within two years."The research, published in Nature Communications, found that when a branch of AI called machine learning, analysed a panel of eight blood based biomarkers whose concentrations are altered in patients with Parkinson's, it could provide a diagnosis with 100 per cent accuracy.The team then experimented to see whether the test could predict the likelihood that a person would go on to develop Parkinson's.They did this by analysing blood from 72 patients with Rapid Eye Movement Behaviour Disorder (iRBD). This disorder results in patients physically acting out their dreams without knowing it (having vivid or violent dreams). It is now known that about 75-80 per cent of these people with iRBD will go on to develop a synucleinopathy (a type of brain disorder caused by the abnormal buildup of a protein called alpha-synuclein in brain cells) - including Parkinson's.When the machine learning tool analysed the blood of these patients it identified that 79 per cent of the iRBD patients had the same profile as someone with Parkinson's.The patients were followed up over the course of 10 years and the AI predictions have so far matched the clinical conversion rate - with the team correctly predicting 16 patients as going on to develop Parkinson's and being able to do this up to seven years before the onset of any symptoms. The team are now continuing to follow up on those predicted to develop Parkinson's, to further verify the accuracy of the test.